ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effects of moxibustion on the stem cell factor (SCF)/tyrosine kinase receptor (c-kit) signaling pathway and immune function in rats with diarrhea irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D), and to explore the mechanism of moxibustion for IBS-D.@*METHODS@#Among 52 young rats born from 6 healthy pregnant SPF rats, 12 rats were randomly selected into the normal group, and the remaining 40 rats were treated with the three-factor combination method of maternal separation, acetic acid enema and chronic restraint stress to establish the IBS-D rat model. Thirty-six rats with successful IBS-D model were randomly divided into a model group, a moxibustion group, and a medication group, 12 rats in each group. The rats in the moxibustion group were treated with suspension moxibustion at "Tianshu" (ST 25) and "Shangjuxu" (ST 37); the rats in the medication group were treated with intragastric administration of rifaximin suspension (150 mg/kg). All the treatments were given once a day for 7 consecutive days. The body mass, loose stool rate (LSR), the minimum volume threshold when abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) scored 3 were measured before acetic acid enema (35 days old), after modeling (45 days old), and after intervention (53 days old). After intervention (53 days old), HE staining was used to observe the morphology of colon tissue, and spleen and thymus coefficients were measured; ELISA method was used to detect serum inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor a [TNF-a], interleukin [IL]-10, IL-8), T-lymphocyte subsets (CD+4, CD+8, CD+45), value of CD+4/CD+8 and immune globulin (IgA, IgG, IgM); real-time PCR method and Western blot method was used to detect the expression of SCF, c-kit mRNA and protein in colon tissue; immunofluorescence staining method were used to detect positive expression of SCF and c-kit.@*RESULTS@#After intervention, compared with the normal group, in the model group, the body mass and the minimum volume threshold when AWR scored 3 were decreased (P<0.01), LSR, spleen and thymus coefficients, serum levels of TNF-α, IL-8, CD+4, CD+45, CD+4/CD+8, IgA, IgG, IgM were increased (P<0.01), serum IL-10 level and protein and mRNA expression of SCF and c-kit in colon tissue were decreased (P<0.01), and the positive expression of SCF and c-kit was decreased (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, in the moxibustion group and the medication group, the body mass and the minimum volume threshold when AWR scored 3 were increased (P<0.01, P<0.05), LSR, spleen and thymus coefficients, serum levels of TNF-α, IL-8, CD+4, CD+8, CD+45, CD+4/CD+8, IgA, IgG, IgM were decreased (P<0.01, P<0.05), serum IL-10 level and protein and mRNA expression of SCF and c-kit in colon tissue were increased (P<0.01), and the positive expression of SCF and c-kit was increased (P<0.01). Compared with the medication group, in the moxibustion group, the level of serum CD+4 was decreased (P<0.05), the value of CD+4/CD+8 was increased (P<0.01), and there was no significant difference in other indexes (P>0.05). The expression of SCF and c-kit mRNA was positively correlated with the minimum volume threshold when AWR scored 3 and IL-10 (P<0.01), and negatively correlated with remaining indexes (P<0.01, P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Moxibustion could reduce visceral hypersensitivity, improve symptoms of abdominal pain and diarrhea in IBS-D rats, and its mechanism may be related to up-regulation of the expression of SCF/c-kit signaling pathway and improvement of IBS-D immune function.
Subject(s)
Rats , Animals , Irritable Bowel Syndrome/therapy , Moxibustion/methods , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Interleukin-10 , Interleukin-8 , Maternal Deprivation , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha , Diarrhea , Signal Transduction , Homeostasis , Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases , Immunity , Immunoglobulin A , Immunoglobulin MABSTRACT
Este estudo qualitativo teve como objetivo compreender, a partir da teoria de bioecológica de desenvolvimento, as implicações da prática profissional no processo de acolhimento de crianças em uma casa-abrigo, na perspectiva de cuidadoras. As participantes foram 10 profissionais de uma casa-abrigo localizada na região sul do Brasil. Utilizou-se a entrevista semiestruturada e a organização e análise dos dados sustentou-se na Grounded Theory, com auxílio do software Atlas.ti 8.4.14. Os resultados evidenciaram uma centralização das ações de acolhimento e atenção em torno dos cuidados físicos das crianças. As ações para promover suporte e cuidados emocionais dentro da casa-abrigo eram delegadas às profissionais da equipe técnica da instituição. Observou-se que as dificuldades encontradas pelas cuidadoras diziam respeito à falta de segurança e preparação para responder e acolher as demandas emocionais das crianças, as quais estão presentes em diversos momentos do processo de acolhimento. Percebeu-se que as práticas institucionais afetaram decisivamente tanto as ações de acolhimento das participantes e o suporte emocional oferecido às crianças na passagem pela casa-abrigo quanto as cuidadoras, no sentido de vivenciarem no trabalho sentimentos de insegurança. Os resultados tensionam ecologicamente a interação nos processos proximais presentes no desenvolvimento humano. Advoga-se pela reflexão sobre as implicações das práticas institucionais de uma casa-abrigo e o desenvolvimento infantil, visando o cuidado integral dos acolhidos.(AU)
Based on the developmental bioecological theory, this study analyzes the implications of professional practice in children's user embracement at a shelter from the caregivers' perspective. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 professionals from a shelter located in southern Brazil. Data organization and analysis was performed based on Grounded Theory using the Atlas.ti 8.4.14 software. Results showed that embracement and attention focus on the physical care of children. Support and emotional care activities were delegated to the institution's technical team. Caregivers faced difficulties regarding the lack of security and preparation to respond to and accept the children's emotional demands, which arise at different moments in the embracement process. The institutional practices decisively affected both user embracement actions and the emotional support offered to the children, as well as the caregivers, in the sense of experiencing feelings of insecurity. These findings ecologically tension the interaction in the proximal processes present in human development. Further reflections on the implications of institutional shelter-based practices for child development are needed to provide comprehensive care.(AU)
Este estudio cualitativo tuvo como objetivo comprender, desde la perspectiva de la teoría bioecológica del desarrollo, las implicaciones de la práctica profesional en el proceso de acogida de niños en una institución infantil desde la perspectiva de las cuidadoras. Las participantes fueron 10 profesionales de una institución de acogida infantil ubicada en la región Sur de Brasil. Se utilizó la entrevista semiestructurada, y para la organización y análisis de datos se aplicó Grounded Theory, con el uso del software Atlas.ti 8.4.14. Los resultados mostraron que las acciones de recepción y atención se centran en el cuidado físico de los niños. Las acciones de promoción de apoyo y cuidado emocional dentro del alojamiento se asignaron a los profesionales del equipo técnico de la institución. Se observó que las dificultades encontradas por las cuidadoras estaban relacionadas con la falta de seguridad y preparación para responder y aceptar las demandas emocionales de los niños, las cuales se encuentran presentes en diferentes momentos del proceso de acogida. Se notó que las prácticas institucionales afectaron decisivamente tanto las acciones de acogida de las participantes como el apoyo emocional que la institución brinda a los niños durante su paso, así como a las cuidadoras en el sentido de experimentar sentimientos de inseguridad en el trabajo. Estos resultados tensan ecológicamente la interacción en los procesos proximales presentes en el desarrollo humano. Se aboga por reflexionar sobre las implicaciones de las prácticas institucionales en los alojamientos institucionales y el desarrollo infantil, apuntando a la atención integral de los acogidos.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Professional Practice , Child , Caregivers , Ecology , User Embracement , Human Development , Pain , Parent-Child Relations , Paternal Behavior , Paternal Deprivation , Play and Playthings , Poverty , Psychology , Psychology, Social , Safety , Attention , Sibling Relations , Sleep , Social Adjustment , Social Change , Social Conditions , Social Environment , Social Justice , Social Problems , Social Support , Sociology , Sports , Violence , Battered Child Syndrome , Women , Child Labor , Adoption , Divorce , Family , Child, Abandoned , Child Abuse , Child Advocacy , Child Development , Child, Institutionalized , Child Rearing , Child, Unwanted , Child Welfare , Residence Characteristics , Family Characteristics , Health , Hygiene , Child of Impaired Parents , Liability, Legal , Hunger , Civil Disorders , Parenting , Interview , Domestic Violence , Cultural Diversity , Life , Crime Victims , Alcohol-Related Disorders , Affect , Culture , Personal Autonomy , Official Instructions , Defense Mechanisms , Adult Children , Stress Disorders, Traumatic , Qualitative Research , Friends , Minors , Adolescent Development , Human Rights Abuses , Diet , Alcoholism , Empathy , Health of Institutionalized Children , Family Conflict , Family Relations , Drug Users , Chemically-Induced Disorders , Enslaved Persons , Grounded Theory , Grandparents , Psychological Trauma , Child, Adopted , Child, Foster , Freedom , Adverse Childhood Experiences , Family Separation , Psychological Distress , Right to Health , Emotional Abuse , Freedom of Religion , Social Interaction , Sociodemographic Factors , Social Vulnerability , Citizenship , Family Support , Household Work , Human Rights , Individuality , Institutionalization , Jealousy , Leisure Activities , Loneliness , Love , Malpractice , Maternal Deprivation , Mental Disorders , Motivation , Object AttachmentABSTRACT
Resumo Este artigo objetiva descrever e discutir as maneiras como a maternidade é praticada e representada nas práticas culinárias domésticas das mulheres na Amazônia ocidental brasileira. Desenvolvemos um estudo qualitativo descritivo, conduzimos entrevistas em profundidade com 16 mulheres que eram mães e que cozinhavam em domicílio. Os dados foram analisados identificando as unidades de significância regulares, expressivas e significativas coletadas por meio das entrevistas. Essas mulheres, quando não tinham filhos, realizavam práticas culinárias atendendo suas demandas pessoais e horários do trabalho extradomiciliar. A partir da gestação, porém mais marcadamente após o parto, as mulheres modificam suas práticas culinárias se apropriando das ideias hegemônicas pré-construídas do que é ser uma mãe, desenvolvendo atividades culinárias mais rotineiras, não discricionárias, focadas no cuidado dos membros da família e com maior investimento de tempo e esforço. Estas mudanças reforçam a concepção de que a relação mãe e criança deve estar orientada para uma maternidade intensiva.
Abstract This paper describes and discusses how motherhood is practiced and represented in women's domestic cooking practices in Western Brazilian Amazon. A descriptive and qualitative study was conducted with 16 women cooks using in-depth interviews. Data were analyzed by identifying the regular, expressive and significant units of significance. These women, when childless, cooked to meet their individual needs and out-of-home work schedules. During pregnancy, but specially after birth, women modify their cooking practices, appropriating the preconceived hegemonic ideas on what it means to be a mother, focused on homemaking and greater investment of time and effort. Such changes reinforce the belief that mother-child relations should involve intensive motherhood.
Subject(s)
Cooking , Feminism , Qualitative Research , Family Relations , Gender Performativity , Maternal Deprivation , MothersABSTRACT
Os discursos pró-aleitamento materno contemporâneos reforçam certos sentidos acerca da amamentação, ao mesmo tempo que silenciam outros, afeitos à relação da mulher com seu corpo, sua sexualidade e seu trabalho, bem como o processo de desmame. Neste artigo, buscamos, à luz da análise de discursos de inspiração foucaultiana, da psicanálise e de estudos feministas, dar visibilidade aos sentidos atribuídos pelas mulheres à experiência de amamentação, em toda sua complexidade, incluindo o desmame. Entrevistamos 11 mulheres que haviam amamentado e vivenciado o último desmame havia, no máximo, dois anos. Encontramos similaridades entre relatos maternos e discursos oficiais, mas identificamos também tensionamentos, perdas e ressignificações que a mulher experimenta no período de amamentação. As falas sobre o desmame (e mudanças decorrentes dele) indicam que este se encontra associado ao sentido de liberdade, de restauração de aspectos da identidade feminina que haviam sido tomados da mulher durante a gravidez e o período de amamentação.
Contemporary pro-breastfeeding speeches reinforce certain meanings about breastfeeding, while silencing others, such as the woman's relationship with her body, sexuality and work, as well as the weaning process. In this article, based on the discourse analysis by Foucault, on psychoanalysis and on feminist studies, we seek to reveal the meanings attribute by women who breastfeed to their experience while breastfeeding in all its complexity, including weaning. We interviewed 11 women who had breastfed and waned their babies up to two years ago. We found similarities between maternal narratives and official speeches, but we also identified tensions, losses and resignificances that women went through during breastfeeding. Their answers about weaning (and its consequences) indicate its association with the sense of freedom, and with the restoration of aspects of the female identity that had been taken away from the woman during pregnancy and the breastfeeding period.
Los discursos contemporáneos en favor de la lactancia refuerzan ciertos significados sobre esa experiencia, mientras silencian otros, como la relación de la mujer con su cuerpo, sexualidad y trabajo, así como el proceso de destete. En este artículo buscamos, a la luz del análisis de discursos inspirado por Foucault, del psicoanálisis y de estudios feministas, dar visibilidade a los significados que las mujeres atribuyen a la experiencia de la lactancia, en toda su complejidad, incluido el destete. Entrevistamos 11 mujeres que habían amamantado y experimentado el último destete en el plazo máximo de dos años atrás. Encontramos similitudes entre los informes maternos y los discursos oficiales, pero también identificamos tensiones, pérdidas y nuevas significaciones que las mujeres experimentan durante la lactancia. Las respuestas sobre el destete (y los cambios que se derivan de él) demuestran que éste está asociado a la sensación de libertad, de restaurar aspectos de la identidad femenina que habían sido arrebatados de la mujer durante el embarazo y en el periodo de la lactancia.
Subject(s)
Humans , Weaning , Breast Feeding , Public Health , Health Communication , Gender Studies , Interview , Maternal Behavior , Maternal DeprivationABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Early-life stress in the form of maternal separation can be associated with alterations in offspring neurodevelopment and brain functioning. Here, we aimed to investigate the potential impact of prolonged maternal separation on proteomic profiling of prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of juvenile and young adult rats. A special attention was devoted to proteins involved in the process of cell death and redox state maintenance. METHODS: Long-Evans pups were separated from their mothers for 3 h daily over the first 3 weeks of life (during days 2-21 of age). Brain tissue samples collected from juvenile (22-day-old) and young adult (90-day-old) rats were used for label-free quantitative (LFQ) proteomic analysis. In parallel, selected oxidative stress markers and apoptosis-related proteins were assessed biochemically and by Western blot, respectively. RESULTS: In total, 5526 proteins were detected in our proteomic analysis of rat brain tissue. Approximately one tenth of them (586 proteins) represented those involved in cell death processes or regulation of oxidative stress balance. Prolonged maternal separation caused changes in less than half of these proteins (271). The observed alterations in protein expression levels were age-, sex- and brain region-dependent. Interestingly, the proteins detected by mass spectrometry that are known to be involved in the maintenance of redox state were not markedly altered. Accordingly, we did not observe any significant differences between selected oxidative stress markers, such as the levels of hydrogen peroxide, reduced glutathione, protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation in brain samples from rats that underwent maternal separation and from the corresponding controls. On the other hand, a number of changes were found in cell death-associated proteins, mainly in those involved in the apoptotic and autophagic pathways. However, there were no detectable alterations in the levels of cleaved products of caspases or Bcl-2 family members. Taken together, these data indicate that the apoptotic and autophagic cell death pathways were not activated by maternal separation either in adolescent or young adult rats. CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged maternal separation can distinctly modulate expression profiles of proteins associated with cell death pathways in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of juvenile rats and the consequences of early-life stress may last into adulthood and likely participate in variations in stress reactivity.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Rats , Brain/physiopathology , Cell Death , Proteome , Maternal Deprivation , Rats, Long-Evans , Proteomics , Animals, NewbornABSTRACT
To investigate the intestinal amino acids pathway in depression-like offspring rats induced by maternal separation. Sprague-Dawley (SD) female rats were randomly divided into a control group (=8) and a maternal separation group (=8). After normal delivery, the maternal rats were separated from offsprings for 14 consecutive days and 3 h per day in maternal separation group; while rats in the control group was received no interventions in postpartum. Depression-like behaviors of offspring rats were evaluated using the sucrose preference test, novelty suppressed feeding test, and forced swimming test. Amino acid analyzer was used to detect the changes of amino acid contents in the small intestine, and the expressions of alanine-serine-cysteine transporter 2 (ASCT2), solute carrier superfamily 6 member 19 (BAT1) and L-type amino acid transporter 1(LAT1) were detected by Western blot. The weight of the offspring rats in the maternal separation group was significantly lower than that of the control group at 21 and 28 d (=4.925 and 5.766, all <0.01). Compared with the control group, the percentage of sucrose preference of the offspring rats in the maternal separation group was significantly reduced (=2.709, <0.05), and the feeding latency was significantly prolonged (=-13.431, <0.01). The immobility time in FST of maternal separation group was significantly longer (=-3.616, <0.01).Increased concentration of aspartic acid (=-6.672, <0.01) and down-regulation of glutamine (=3.107, <0.01) and glycine (=9.781, <0.01) were observed in maternal separation group. Western blot analysis revealed that the protein expressions of ASCT2 (=6.734, <0.01) and BAT1 (=9.015, <0.01) in maternal separation group were reduced, while the expression of LAT1 was increased (=-8.942, <0.01). Maternal separation can induce the depression-like behavior in offspring rats; the amino acid contents and the amino acid transporter expression in the small intestine are reduced, which may be related to depression-like behavior induced by maternal separation.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Rats , Amino Acids , Depression/etiology , Hippocampus , Maternal Deprivation , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to understand the pharmacodynamic effect of Valeriana jatamansi extract in diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome(IBS-D) rat model induced by maternal separation combined with three kinds of stress, and observe the changes of endogenous metabolites in feces after intervention to find potential biomarkers and related metabolic pathways. The animal model of IBS-D was established by maternal separation combined with restraint, ice swimming and tail clamping. The therapeutic effect of each dose group of V. jatamansi extract was evaluated in terms of abdominal withdrawal reflex pressure threshold, fecal water content and immobility time of forced swimming test. In addition, rat feces were collected for detection of metabolic profiles of small molecular metabolites with UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS platform, so as to find the biomarkers of differential metabolism with multivariate statistical analysis methods such as principal component analysis(PCA) and orthogon partial least squares discrimination analysis(OPLS-DA). The results showed that as compared with the normal group, the threshold of abdominal withdrawal reflex pressure was decreased, the fecal water content was increased, and the immobility time of forced swimming test was prolonged in the model group. The results of fecal metabonomics showed that the levels of 39 metabolites were down-regulated and those of 37 metabolites were up-re-gulated. Further analysis showed that these metabolites were related to bile acid metabolism, unsaturated fatty acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, ceramide metabolism and other metabolic pathways. This study proved that the extract of V. jatamansi had definite pharmacodynamic effect on IBS-D model rats, and the mechanism was discussed from the perspective of fecal metabonomics.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Chromatography, Liquid , Diarrhea , Feces , Irritable Bowel Syndrome/drug therapy , Maternal Deprivation , Metabolomics , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , ValerianABSTRACT
The pathophysiology of visceral pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome remains largely unknown. Our previous study showed that neonatal maternal deprivation (NMD) does not induce visceral hypersensitivity at the age of 6 weeks in rats. The aim of this study was to determine whether NMD followed by adult stress at the age of 6 weeks induces visceral pain in rats and to investigate the roles of adrenergic signaling in visceral pain. Here we showed that NMD rats exhibited visceral hypersensitivity 6 h and 24 h after the termination of adult multiple stressors (AMSs). The plasma level of norepinephrine was significantly increased in NMD rats after AMSs. Whole-cell patch-clamp recording showed that the excitability of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons from NMD rats with AMSs was remarkably increased. The expression of β adrenergic receptors at the protein and mRNA levels was markedly higher in NMD rats with AMSs than in rats with NMD alone. Inhibition of β adrenergic receptors with propranolol or butoxamine enhanced the colorectal distention threshold and application of butoxamine also reversed the enhanced hypersensitivity of DRG neurons. Overall, our data demonstrate that AMS induces visceral hypersensitivity in NMD rats, in part due to enhanced NE-β adrenergic signaling in DRGs.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Adrenergic Agents , Pharmacology , Ganglia, Spinal , Hyperalgesia , Drug Therapy , Hypersensitivity , Drug Therapy , Maternal Deprivation , Neurons , Patch-Clamp Techniques , Methods , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Signal Transduction , Stress, Physiological , Physiology , Visceral Pain , MetabolismABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Atualizar o conhecimento acerca do regime de guarda após o divórcio. FONTES DE DADOS: Artigos de metanálise sobre guarda unilateral/compartilhada e seu impacto epidemiológico. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Nos países desenvolvidos, as crianças que vivem abaixo da linha de pobreza são de mães divorciadas em contexto de abandono paterno. As crianças vítimas de violência doméstica e de atos de alienação parental apresentam os piores desfechos do grupo. O padrão mais comum de guarda compartilhada é aquele em que os filhos passam 1 semana na casa de cada genitor. As metanálises representam um tamanho amostral de mais de 27 mil crianças, estratificadas por renda, escolaridade e nacionalidade de origem do casal. A guarda compartilhada foi homogeneamente superior à guarda unilateral nos desfechos em saúde. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de a guarda compartilhada ser uma questão de saúde pública, existem barreiras jurídicas para sua efetiva implementação, e, paradoxalmente, os argumentos jurídicos para a não concessão de guarda compartilhada se baseiam em premissas relacionadas à saúde das crianças. (AU)
OBJECTIVE: To update knowledge about custody after divorce. DATA SOURCES: Meta-analysis articles on unilateral/ shared custody and its epidemiological impact. DATA SYNTHESIS: In developed countries, children living below the poverty line are those from divorced mothers in a context of paternal abandonment. Children who are victims of domestic violence and acts of parental alienation have the worst outcomes of the group. The most common pattern of shared custody is one in which the children spend 1 week in each parent's home. The meta-analyzes represent a sample size of more than 27 thousand children, stratified by the couple income, schooling and nationality. Shared custody was homogeneously superior to unilateral guarding in health outcomes. CONCLUSION: Although shared custody is a public health issue; there are legal barriers to its effective implementation, and paradoxically the legal arguments for non-granting shared custody are based on assumptions related to children's health. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Child Custody , Divorce/psychology , Family Health , Paternal Deprivation , Socioeconomic Factors , Meta-Analysis as Topic , Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Aggression/psychology , Family Conflict , Sociodemographic Factors , Maternal Deprivation , Mental Disorders/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Background: Clinical studies have shown that adverse events in early life are quite stressful and can lead to the development of psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety, in adolescence and adulthood in humans. Experimental models of maternal deprivation (MD) in rats can be a useful tool for the understanding how these events in the early period of development can lead to behavioral changes in adulthood. Aims: The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term effects of Zincum metallicum (Zinc met) homeopathic treatment in rats subjected to maternal deprivation (MD) in their early days of life. Methods: Newborn female rats were subjected to MD during 10 days, one hour per day, from PND10 to PND21, and treated from the 10th day of lactation (PND10) up to weaning (PND21). On the PND21 the rats were divided in 4 groups (N=8): a) treated with Zinc met 30c; b) treated with Zinc met 6c; c) treated with 10% hydroalcoholic solution (HS); and "blank control", rats without any treatment nor experienced deprivation (ND). The medicines were administered in blind trials, identified by codes. The animals were weighed weekly, from weaning until the end of the experiment, and evaluated in the Open Field (OF) and in the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) devices, to evaluate mobility, emotionality and anxiety, in 3 moments of life: in PND21 (childhood), during puberty (PND 40) and adulthood (PND75). Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA, followed by the Bonferroni's Multiple Comparison Test, being p≤0.05. Results: 1) relative to ND group the Zinc met 6c showed reduced body weight while no differences were observed between the other groups; 2) In the OF, the MD group showed increased rearing behavior at PND 40. The Zinc met 6c group reversed this effect showing similar profile as the ND group. Moreover, Zinc met 6c group showed increase in the immobility time at this age; 3) In the EPM, the MD group showed increased time in closed arms and decreased head dips relative to ND group in PND21 period of observation. Treatment with Zinc met 6c but not with Zinc met 30c was effective to reduce this anxiety-like behavior in PND21. Conclusion: According to the proposed model, Zincum metallicum 6c seems to be able to prevent in anxiety-like behavior induced by maternal deprivation in the childhood, mainly in behavioral models related to anxiety. However, other studies still need to be developed to understand the physio-pathological basis of these effects. (AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Anxiety Disorders , Zincum Metallicum/therapeutic use , Homeopathy , Maternal DeprivationABSTRACT
In Chile, most of infants whose biological family is not able to offer them a proper care are referred to a national child protection system and are early institutionalized. During their stay in the hospital and into childcare institution these infants lack of an exclusive and stable affect figure. This situation jeopardizes the child proper neurologic, affective and social development, commonly resulting in Chronic Emotional Deprivation. In this article the authors show a concise review of this concept and propose a novel foster family program, in an attempt to prevent and mitigate the occurrence of this disorder. The proposed program offers psychotherapeutic support and is based on the existence of a foster family having a one-time-only experience with exclusive dedication to just one child. This temporary family does not receive economic retribution and has the possibility to maintain contact with the child after his incorporation to a definitive family. The theoretical differences of the proposed program with the currently ongoing programs are explored and a clinical vignette is shown.
En Chile, la mayor parte de los recién nacidos que no cuentan con los cuidados de su familia de origen son derivados al sistema de protección y sometidos a una institucionalización temprana. Durante el periodo de internación -primero en el recinto asistencial y luego en una residencia para lactantes- el bebé carece de una figura de afecto exclusiva y estable. Esta situación compromete significativamente su desarrollo, siendo habitual en estos casos la presencia de un cuadro de Carencia Afectiva Crónica. Los autores brindan una breve revisión sobre este concepto e introducen un innovador programa de Familia de Acogida Temporal (FAT) que busca mitigar y prevenir el desarrollo de este cuadro. A diferencia de los programas actualmente en curso, se entrega un apoyo psicoterapéutico y se promueve que la familia de acogida temporal realice una única experiencia con dedicación exclusiva a un recién nacido, sin recibir remuneración económica por esta labor y con la posibilidad de mantener el vínculo con el infante después de su integración a una familia definitiva. Para dar cuenta del proceso psicoterapéutico, los autores entregan una viñeta clínica.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child Care , Institutionalization , Maternal Deprivation , Psychosocial Deprivation , Object AttachmentABSTRACT
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Early adverse life events (EALs) are relevant to irritable bowel syndrome in adulthood. Maternal separation (MS), as one of the EALs, has proved to induce visceral hypersensitivity in adult rats. However, the effect of MS on visceral hypersensitvity from the post-weaning period to adulthood remains unknown. METHODS: One hundred and ten neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: rats in the MS group were exposed to 3 hours daily MS on postnatal day (PND) 2–14; the normal control (NC) group remained undisturbed. Visceral sensitivity was determined by measuring the visceromotor response to colorectal distention on PND21, 35, and 56. Anxiety-like behaviors were measured by the open field test. RESULTS: Compared with NC rats, MS rats showed significant visceral hypersensitivity from the post-weaning period to adult. The proportion of visceral hypersensitive rats decreased with age from 87.5% to 70.0% in the female MS group and from 90.0% to 66.7% in the male MS group. The relative VMR ratio of MS and NC on PND21 was higher than PND35 and PND56. MS rats showed decreased ability of movement and exploration to the novel environment in the post-weaning period, obesity in the prepubertal period, and more anxiety-like behaviors in adulthood. CONCLUSIONS: MS can significantly affect visceral sensitivity and behaviors of rats in different age stages, especially in the post-weaning period. Visceral hypersensitivity of MS rats is more pronounced in the post-weaning period and slightly restored in adults. Thus, visceral hypersensitivity in the post-weaning period might play a more meaningful pathophysiologic role in the formation of adult irritable bowel syndrome.
Subject(s)
Adult , Animals , Female , Humans , Male , Rats , Hypersensitivity , Irritable Bowel Syndrome , Maternal Deprivation , Obesity , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
Este artigo buscou articular duas pesquisas que se situam na perspectiva da psicologia jurídica e que tomam como objetos de estudo questões referentes à família na esfera da justiça. O objetivo principal desta escrita é analisar os contornos que caracterizam o movimento de judicialização nas demandas de famílias recasadas e de abandono afetivo. De maneira geral, a judicialização pode ser compreendida como o movimento de expansão dos poderes judiciários em questões que antes eram resolvidas em outros espaços. Quanto às famílias recasadas, identificou-se o caminho das jurisprudências para a resolução de solicitações que não estão contempladas na legislação. Contudo, nos relatos dos entrevistados, verificou-se a busca por soluções sem recorrer ao Judiciário, o que difere da proposta encontrada no referencial teórico de criação de legislação específica para atender a essa configuração familiar. Quanto ao abandono afetivo, a análise dos aspectos vinculados à produção e comprovação dessa demanda no sistema jurídico aponta para a dificuldade da medição dos danos e da relação com a ausência de afeto, além do importante recorte de gênero, que posiciona diferentemente as figuras parentais e define funções específicas para cada um. Dessa forma, conclui-se que o movimento de judicialização reflete e ao mesmo tempo forja as demandas, denotando uma mudança social na maneira como a sociedade lida com seus impasses familiares.
This paper aims to articulate two studies in the overview of Legal Psychology and taking as objects of study issues relating to the family in the sphere of justice. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the outlines that characterize the movement of judicialization on the demands of remarried families and emotional abandonment. In general, judicialization can be understood as the movement of expansion of judicial powers to matters that used to be resolved in other spaces. With respect to remarried families, this study identified how jurisprudence can provide a way to resolve demands that are not covered by the legislation. However, respondents' reports indicated that they look for solutions without resorting to court, which differs from the proposal found on the theoretical reference to formulate specific legislation to address this family configuration. In regards to emotional abandonment, the analysis of aspects related to the production and validation of this demand by the legal system highlights the difficulty to measure damage and its relationship with absence of affection, in addition to the important gender approach, that assigns different positions and specific roles for each parental figure. Therefore, we conclude that the judicialization trend reflects and at the same time forges demands, denoting a social change in the way society deals with family impasses.
Este artículo tiene por objeto articular dos estudios que se encuentran en la perspectiva de la Psicología Forense, teniendo como objeto de estudio las cuestiones relacionadas con la familia en el ámbito de la justicia. El objetivo principal es analizar los contornos que caracterizan el movimiento de la judicialización de las demandas de las familias reconstituidas y abandono afectivo. En términos generales, puede entenderse la judicialización como el movimiento de expansión de los poderes judiciales en los asuntos que se resolvieron en otros espacios. En cuanto a las familias reconstituidas se identificó el camino de la jurisprudencia para solucionar las solicitudes que no están cubiertas por la legislación. Sin embargo, en los reportes de los encuestados se encontró la búsqueda de soluciones sin recurrir a los tribunales, lo que difiere de la propuesta que se encuentra en el marco teórico de creación de una legislación específica para satisfacer esta configuración familiar. En cuanto al abandono afectivo, el análisis de los aspectos relacionados con la producción y prueba de esta demanda en el sistema legal denota la dificultad de medir el daño y la relación con la ausencia de afecto, más allá del importante enfoque de género, que diferencia la colocación de las figuras parentales y define las funciones específicas de cada uno. Por lo tanto, se concluye que el movimiento de judicialización refleja y, al mismo tiempo forja las demandas, lo que denota un cambio social en la forma en que la sociedad aborda los estancamientos de la familia.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Divorce/legislation & jurisprudence , Child, Abandoned/legislation & jurisprudence , Child Advocacy/legislation & jurisprudence , Jurisprudence , Parents/psychology , Paternal Deprivation , Paternity , Psychology , Family/psychology , Marriage/legislation & jurisprudence , Parenting/psychology , Legislation , Affect , Judiciary , Legal Process , Family Conflict/psychology , Family Relations/legislation & jurisprudence , Maternal DeprivationABSTRACT
Introducción. En diversos modelos animales, incluido el de la separación materna durante la lactancia, se ha demostrado que las experiencias tempranas adversas, como el maltrato, el abandono materno y el estrés psicosocial, pueden favorecer el desarrollo de algunas enfermedades mentales, pero no se han descrito completamente varios de los cambios que se producen en el sistema neuroendocrino. Objetivo. Determinar si la separación materna durante la lactancia modificaba los niveles basales de neurohormonas como la corticosterona, la corticotropina (ACTH), la oxitocina y la vasopresina (ADH), en ratas jóvenes (35 días) y adultas (90 días). Materiales y métodos. Se separaron ratas Wistar de sus madres durante dos periodos de tres horas diarias a lo largo de los 21 días de lactancia. A los 35 y 90 días se tomaron muestras de los grupos de las ratas de control y de las separadas de la madre, para obtener el suero y posteriormente medir cada una de las hormonas mediante un ensayo inmunoenzimático. Resultados. Las concentraciones de corticosterona fueron mayores en las hembras adultas de control que en el resto de los grupos, y menores en los machos adultos de control. Las de ACTH fueron mayores en los machos y hembras jóvenes separadas de la madre que en los grupos de adultos. Los niveles de oxitocina fueron significativamente mayores en las hembras adultas separadas de la madre que en los otros grupos y significativamente menores en los machos adultos. En cuanto a la vasopresina, los grupos separados de la madre tuvieron concentraciones menores, en comparación con los grupos de jóvenes y adultos de control. Conclusiones. Estos resultados muestran que el estrés temprano al que fueron sometidas las ratas, produjo cambios en las respuestas del eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-suprarrenal, las cuales variaron según el sexo y la edad.
Introduction: Work with different animal models including that of maternal separation during nursing has shown that early adverse experiences such as abuse, maternal abandonment and psychosocial stress may favor the development of various psychopathologies. However, several neuroendocrine changes have not been completely described yet. Objective: To establish whether maternal separation during nursing modifies the basal levels of neurohormones such as corticosterone, ACTH, oxytocin and vasopressin in juvenile and adult rats (aged 35 and 90 days, respectively). Materials and methods: Wistar rats were separated from their mothers for two periods of 3 hours per day during the 21 days of nursing. Once these rats had reached 35 and then 90 days of age, blood samples were taken from both the separated and control groups to obtain serum for immunoenzymatic assays and measure the levels of each of the hormones. Results: Concentrations of corticosterone were higher in control adult females in comparison with the rest of the groups and lower in the control adult males. Those of ACTH were higher in the separated young males and females than in the adult groups. Oxytocin levels were significantly higher in the separated adult females in comparison with the other groups and significantly lower in the adult males. With respect to vasopressin, the separated groups had lower concentrations than the young and adult control groups. Conclusions: These results show that the early stress to which rats were submitted produced changes in the basal responses of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, that these responses were distinct in males and females and that they also differed according to age.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Rats , Arginine Vasopressin/blood , Corticosterone/blood , Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/blood , Oxytocin/blood , Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/blood , Maternal Deprivation , Pituitary-Adrenal System/metabolism , Pituitary-Adrenal System/growth & development , Arginine Vasopressin/metabolism , Corticosterone/metabolism , Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism , Oxytocin/metabolism , Rats, Wistar , Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/metabolism , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/metabolism , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/growth & developmentABSTRACT
Schizophrenia is considered a neurodevelopmental disorder; however, all the available treatment options are used when the disease becomes clinically significant in adolescence or early adulthood. Using a developmental rat model of schizophrenia, we examined whether neonatal treatment with memantine, an NMDA receptor modulator, can improve schizophrenic-like symptoms in adulthood. Early maternal deprivation in rats produces deficits in social interaction behaviors in adulthood. In contrast, memantine administrated in neonatal rats subjected to early maternal deprivation significantly reduces deficits in social interaction behaviors in adulthood. These results raise the possibility that pharmacological treatment with memantine at the early developmental stage helps people with a risk to develop schizophrenic-like symptoms.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Animals , Humans , Rats , Cognition , Glutamic Acid , Interpersonal Relations , Maternal Deprivation , Memantine , Models, Animal , N-Methylaspartate , Neurodevelopmental Disorders , Neuropharmacology , SchizophreniaABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the relationship between the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the spinal dorsal horn and the increase in visceral hypersensitivity in young rats by establishing a young rat model of visceral hypersensitivity by neonatal maternal separation (NMS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty-two newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly and equally divided into four groups by a 2×2 factorial design: control, NMS, colorectal distension (CRD), and NMS+CRD. The newborn rats in the NMS and NMS+CRD groups were subjected to 3-hour daily maternal separation from days 2 to 14 after birth to establish a model of visceral hypersensitivity, while the rats in the control and CRD groups received no treatment after birth. At 6 weeks after birth, the CRD and CRD+NMS groups received CRD stimulation. The streptavidin-biotin complex immunohistochemical method was used to determine the expression of BDNF in the spinal dorsal horn. The immunohistochemical score (IHS) was calculated based on the percentage of BDNF-positive cells and color intensity. The percentage of BDNF-positive cells in the spinal dorsal horn and IHS were analyzed by factorial analysis of variance.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The expression of BDNF was detected bilaterally in the spinal dorsal horn at different levels in the four groups. The percentage of BDNF-positive cells and IHS were significantly higher in the NMS and NMS+CRD groups than in the control group (P<0.05). The results of factorial analysis of variance indicated that NMS significantly increased the percentage of BDNF-positive cells in the spinal dorsal horn and IHS; a single CRD stimulation had no effects on the IHS of BDNF-positive cells in the spinal dorsal horn; there was no interaction between NMS and a single CRD stimulation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The over-expression of BDNF in the spinal dorsal horn may be involved in high visceral hypersensitivity in young rats induce by NMS.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Rats , Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor , Hyperalgesia , Metabolism , Immunohistochemistry , Maternal Deprivation , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn , Chemistry , Visceral Pain , MetabolismABSTRACT
Background: Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD) is a condition of dialysis patients associated with both morbidity and mortality. Management is based on clinical guidelines with goals that are hard to comply with. Aim: To describe and compare biochemical variables associated with this disorder in two different time periods. Material and Methods: Revision of medical records of 814 patients (49% females) dialyzed during 2009 and 1018 patients (48% females), dialyzed during 2012 in Southern Metropolitan Santiago. Information about serum calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and albumin was retrieved. Results: Median PTH values in 2009 and 2012 were 222.5 and 353.5 pg/ml respectively (p < 0.05). The figures for serum calcium corrected by albumin were 9.0 and 8.5 mg/dl respectively (p < 0.05). The figures for phosphorus were 4.7 and 5.0 mg/dl respectively (p < 0.05). The Calcium x Phosphorus product was 41.4 and 42.5 mg²/dl² (p < 0.05). Of note, the proportion patients with serum calcium below recommended levels (< 8.4 mg/dl) increased from 16% to 40% from 2009 to 2012. The proportion of patients with biochemical variables within recommended ranges was lower in 2012 than in 2009. Conclusions: There was a low proportion of patients with bone metabolism parameters within ranges recommended by clinical guidelines. These parameters were worst in 2012.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Mice , Pregnancy , Adiposity/physiology , Animals, Suckling/metabolism , Cardiovascular Diseases/metabolism , Maternal Deprivation , Metabolic Syndrome/metabolism , Age Factors , Animals, Suckling/psychology , Blood Pressure/physiology , Body Weight/physiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/psychology , Glucose Intolerance/etiology , Glucose Intolerance/metabolism , Glucose Intolerance/psychology , Metabolic Syndrome/etiology , Metabolic Syndrome/physiopathology , Obesity/etiology , Obesity/metabolism , Obesity/psychology , PhenotypeABSTRACT
Tratou-se de uma revisão integrativa que objetivou identificar as circunstâncias relacionadas à maternidade da mulher em situação de prisão A busca dos artigos foi realizada em cinco bases de dados eletrônicas da Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde (BVS). Os resultados indicaram que o próprio encarceramento, por si só, já promovia danos emocionais e ansiedades que traziam sofrimentos inerentes à privação da liberdade. Expectativas em relação à vida futura, à separação do filho e ao reencontro com a família, tornaram-se confusas e por vezes deturpadas.Concluiu-se que existe comprometimento para a manutenção saudável do binômio mãe-filho que vive em situação de encarceramento.
An integrative review aiming to identify circumstances related to the maternity of imprisoned women. The searchfor articles was conducted in five electronic databases of the Virtual Health Library (VHL). The results indicatethat incarceration in itself is already a cause for emotional distress and anxieties, causing suffering inherent tothe deprivation of liberty. Expectations regarding the future life, separation from the child and the reunion withfamily, become confusing and sometimes misleading. It can be concluded that there is a commitment to the healthymaintenance of the mother-child binomial living in incarceration situation.
Se trata de una revisión integradora que objetivó identificar las circunstancias de la maternidad de las mujeres ensituación carcelaria. Los resultados indicaron que el propio encarcelamiento, por sí solo, ya promueve la angustiaemocional y la ansiedad que provocan sufrimiento inherente a la privación de libertad. Las expectativas con respectoa la vida futura, la separación del niño y el reencuentro con la familia, se vuelven confusas y por veces engañosas. Seconcluye que existe un compromiso con el mantenimiento saludable del binomio madre-niño que vive en situaciónde encarcelamiento.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Prisons , Pregnancy , Women's Health , Parenting , Maternal DeprivationABSTRACT
El presente desarrollo se basa en el novedoso aporte que hiciera Winnicott en 1945 con el término "deprivación", constituyendo el eje central desde donde se aborda la importancia de la implicancia y provisión del ambiente, desde los inicios de la vida de un infante hasta la adultez. Determinadas condiciones ambientales son necesarias para que el desarrollo emocional de cada individuo tenga lugar, a partir de la función de la "madre suficientemente buena" y por extensión, la familia, la escuela y la sociedad. Si acordamos con lo propuesto por Winnicott que la salud individual es condición para concebir una salud social, la revisión de esta noción permite volver a pensar la tendencia antisocial en la época actual caracterizada por una sociedad donde la tendencia homogeneizante desdibuja el tiempo y el espacio necesario para el despliegue subjetivo de cada uno de sus individuos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Maternal Deprivation , Mental Health , Antisocial Personality Disorder/psychology , PsychoanalysisABSTRACT
Neonatal handling induces several behavioral and neurochemical alterations in pups, including decreased responses to stress and reduced fear in new environments. However, there are few reports in the literature concerning the behavioral effects of this neonatal intervention on the dams during the postpartum period. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to determine if brief postpartum separation from pups has a persistent impact on the dam's stress response and behavior. Litters were divided into two neonatal groups: 1) non-handled and 2) handled [10 min/day, from postnatal day (PND) 1 to 10]. Weaning occurred at PND 21 when behavioral tasks started to be applied to the dams, including sweet food ingestion (PND 21), forced swimming test (PND 28), and locomotor response to a psychostimulant (PND 28). On postpartum day 40, plasma was collected at baseline for leptin assays and after 1 h of restraint for corticosterone assay. Regarding sweet food consumption, behavior during the forced swimming test or plasma leptin levels did not differ between dams briefly separated and non-separated from their pups during the postpartum period. On the other hand, both increased locomotion in response to diethylpropion and increased corticosterone secretion in response to acute stress were detected in dams briefly separated from their pups during the first 10 postnatal days. Taken together, these findings suggest that brief, repeated separations from the pups during the neonatal period persistently impact the behavior and induce signs of dopaminergic sensitization in the dam.